Effects Of Block Scheduling :: essays research papers

How Block Scheduling Effects In recent years many educators have voiced their concern about as losing our edge in the global marketplace as well as an apparent decline in American students' achievements. This has become a recurring belief for many teachers, parents, and school districts throughout the United States. As a result, many states have begun to increase the amount of units necessary to fulfill graduation requirements in hope to enhance education and make American students more globally competitive. As many districts have found, it is not feasible to add more subjects to the already demanding 6-or 7-period days. The problem in doing so is that there was little time for electives. At the same time they began to find that adding classes only took away time from other parts of the curriculum already established. While some districts fumbled with the idea of adding classes and minimizing losses in other areas, a large number of schools, more specifically 25-40 percent of U.S. high schools adopted block scheduling (American Federation of Teachers, 1999). It is apparent the block scheduling craze is thought to be a fix all solution to the problem, at least for those districts and individuals looking for anything to help increase the status quo. In a nutshell, block scheduling is the practice of breaking up school time into blocks or units of classroom time. More recently we have seen this practice redefined to stand for a restructuring movement for longer classroom periods. Typically average class periods ranged from 45-50 minutes long. Block scheduling has taken this traditional style of time management and have increases class periods anywhere from two to four times longer. As one might be amazed at the novelty of more time in the classroom, it is vital to understand that number of class periods are correspondingly decreased, thus the overall length of time is virtually the same. The majority of information gathered and the studies reviewed tend to overwhelmingly represent the results derived from the two we are describing. Hence from this point forward the term "block scheduling", as used in this paper shall consider the first two categories one and the same. It has been taken into consideration and concurred that there are many variations of block scheduling, however all research, testimonials, cases, and opinions taken into consideration are of the specific type of block scheduling mentioned above. It has also been taken into consideration that there may be many uncontrollable variables that directly and indirectly skew the results of some of the studies.

Gender Stereotypes in Military Essay

In the non traditional occupations, also called non domestic jobs, women in the work place including its attitude about women’s roles are being studied by some professionals. Gender stereotypes are prone into this kind of scenarios. In the military communities for example, there is still a widely held gender stereotypes. Men and women in the military are being approached and treated differently. Military communities in the past were often integrated with men. Women’s participation in the military and in war throughout history has been limited due to those common gender stereotypes. Women can not be good soldiers allegedly because they are innately weak physically and emotionally. Generally men were believed to possess a higher level of motivation, initiative and leadership qualities necessary for effective military performance. Whereas women, primarily considering their physiological aspects, possess more feminine attributes that hinders them to achieve an excellent military performance. But given that the â€Å"physical barriers to military participation have been gradually eroded due to the advent of highly technological weaponry and the improve fitness of women but the emotional barriers remain strong† (DeGroot 24). It is believed that women are genetically programmed for the softer and caring roles and therefore can not apply aggressive impulses necessary for effective soldiering to defend military interests in future conflicts. To recruit women therefore considering this belief means giving into the risks to lose future wars. This perceived reality hinders the military setting to recruit more women for an aggressive physical war. Many points of arguments have put forward by those against the idea of putting women into hand to hand combat. One of the obvious concerns regarding women in combat is the given fact that women do not possess as much physical strength as their male counterparts. The female body structure is not as adept and enduring at handling high g-forces activities needed for actual combats. â€Å"Female soldiers who are, on average, shorter and smaller than men, with 45-50% less upper body strength and 25-30% less aerobic capacity, which is essential for endurance† (Willens 1996). Psychologically, mixed gender accommodations in a small space can be very intimidating and can provoke sexual anxieties towards men which might affect their focus in combats. Moreover there is a greater possibility for acts of rape, sexual harassment and molestation. Romantic relationships between men and women is somehow inevitable especially that war is a depressing situation. This can disrupt a unit’s fighting capability. Many women might be forced to get pregnant as well in order to escape combat duties. Moreover pregnancy may intimidate military readiness that will greatly affect the military combats. Placing women in combat may also mean putting the fighting unit into risks. Female are truly exposed to the risk of capture, psychological and sexual abuses. The opposing parties may use women to intimidate their enemies through using them as prisoners. Meanwhile another interesting argument to keep women out of combat is the fact that female might disrupt the military cohesive unit and might undermine the soldiers’ sense of esprit de corps. The effectiveness of the military hinges on a cohesion — every member must completely trust and respect one another. Many argue men would not be able to trust women to be capable of accomplishing the physical demands of combat, which could lead to serious problems.. A standard must be maintained to make every member feel as if he/she is part of one single unit, not separated by gender (Willens 1996). These gender differences and given the reality of war, the opposing parties who want to keep women out of combat believe that it is safe to put men in actual combats because they guarantee a greater percentage of military effectiveness. In the military, each party needs to have the most capable military power. In United States during World War 1 â€Å"with the creation of U. S. Army Nurse Corps in 1901 and the U. S. Army Nurse Corps in 1908, women were relied on primarily to provide nursing care† Worell 772). Nursing the wounded soldiers was the most visible role played by women during early wars until World War 1. Marriage, pregnancy and motherhood however could be main legitimate basis for voluntary discharge. The â€Å"Army Nurse Corps in 1901 expressly prohibited nurses from marrying and being mothers† because these will hinder their social and governmental service and responsibilities (Worell 774). In World War II however â€Å"historians documented the more informal participation of women in active combat, in artillery units, as disguised enlisted men, in militia units, and in frontier warfare during the early years of U. S. history and as spies and scouts during Civil War† (Worell 776). The start of World War II apparently expanded non nursing roles of women provided their identity will not be boldly exposed so not to create public misinterpretations. War setting has been redefined however in the beginning of 1950s. Women were openly admit for military service. There is an apparent changing nature and role in the modern military. Military now not only participates in physical combats. Their role has changed â€Å"with peacemaking and disaster relief becoming the most common reason for deployment† (DeGroot 25). In this reason, military integrated a wider women’s participation these past years. Women’s gentle nature, their ability to control aggression and their conciliatory attitude are now perceived positively in the military setting. Women’s nature can make a significant contribution for peacemaking. Women are often integrated into combat support roles and services depending on their capabilities. The discrepancy between the stereotypic attributes of female apparently has variety of emotional effects on the experiences of women in the military. In terms of performance evaluation, people readily give a lower standards and expectations to women. They readily recognize and accept the fact that women has weaker physical and emotional attributes. Therefore as a result, they integrate women’s role into the domestic and traditional jobs inside the military. Work Cited Page: DeGroot, Gerard J. A Few Good Women: Gender Stereotypes, the Military and Peacemaking. Olsson, Louise. Tryggestad, Torunn. Women and International peacemaking. Great Britain: Routledge 2001 Willens, Jake. â€Å"Women in the Military†. CDI Center for Defense Information (1972). August 1996. Retrieved on 25, June 2009 from http://www. cdi. org/issues/women/combat. html Worell, Judith. Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. Elsevier, 2001

The San Antonio Art Museum - 1135 Words

The exhibition that I viewed at the San Antonio Art Museum was called â€Å"28 Chinese†. This exhibit was based on the artwork of 28 contemporary Chinese artists. Throughout the exhibit, it was discussing the fall of communism, poverty, the essence of time, resistance, rebellion and the conservation of history. Some of the artwork I saw were created by Zhu Jinshi, Qiu Zhijie, Zhang Huan, and Shang Yixin, just to name a few. The exhibit was on two floors of the museum. When I first entered the exhibit, it led me to a big white room with art being displayed on all walls. The first room was based on the Coca Cola project in which there was a tall case of Coca Cola bottles being displayed right when you walk in. To the right was a clear box that held burnt down Coca Cola bottles. These items being displayed made me want to read about the project since it was a familiar company that most people know. Some of the other rooms were structured differently. Some had sculptures, audio v isuals, interactive pieces and others had modified furniture but every piece of art had a description next to it which told who the artist was as well as the meaning of the art itself. The materials used for some of the art works included wood, bamboo, and rice paper. The second floor to the exhibit is mostly abstract art work. The overall theme of this was to express their preservation of Chinese culture being good and bad aspects through art. In order for each piece of artwork to convey their purpose,Show MoreRelatedThe San Antonio Museum Of Art1457 Words   |  6 PagesBefore going to the San Antonio Museum of Art I searched their website to get an idea of the paintings displayed. One stood out to me online however, it wasn’t until I saw it in person the magnitude of the true beauty of the painting. Martin Johnson Heade’s, Passion Flowers with Three Hummingbirds, exudes something special to vis ualize not only for its bright floral colors, but the heart of the pai nting is the three hummingbirds in their natural element. I’ve always loved nature, and have enjoyedRead MoreInformative Speech1416 Words   |  6 Pagessites I will discuss in my presentation. Thesis: We Texans know that our states attractions stand out more than all the other states, because Texas is the only place where you can have a 72-ounce steak in Amarillo, tour a museum filled with decorative toilet seats in San Antonio, and feed a beer-drinking goat in Lajitas. Introduction: Have you ever been on a family trip and wondered if there was anything fun to do? Of course you have, who hasn’t? Well, if you are traveling across Texas, thereRead MoreFormal Analysis Of An Art Work Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary Research: Formal Analysis of an Art Work The art work that I have chosen for this formal analysis of an art work is the Painter of Paestum’s piece titled â€Å"Red-figure lebes gamikos (marriage vessel) it was made with terracotta red clay. This piece was made between 340-330 B.C. It is approximately 10 inches in height. The present location of this art piece is at The San Antonio Museum of Art in the Greek Late Classical section. The collection is a permanent collection from Gilbert M. and DenmanRead MoreTourism : Tourism And Heritage Tourism2020 Words   |  9 Pagesbillion to the United States economy in 2009. Tourism is the third largest industry in Texas, directly supporting 500,000 jobs and indirectly supporting 419,000 jobs. In San Antonio alone, the tourism industry employs more than 113,000 workers who annually generate $12.2 billion dollars back into the local economy. Tourism is one of San Antonio’s largest industries. The number of international tourists grew over 5% in 2013 to 1,087 million, according to the United Nations World Tourism OrganizationRead MoreArt Critique : Art Museum1512 Words   |  7 PagesArt Critique This past weekend I visited the Blanton Art Museum in Austin, Texas. It is located Near the Capital, on the edge of the street. I took a deep breath and put coins in the meter and headed for the door. Upon walking in I stood outside for a moment to take a look around, I have never been to an art museum before so I wanted to get the full effect before my critique. It was quiet, unusual for Austin but, there were people walking around the museum as well and taking pictures. In this eraRead MoreThe Importance Of A Successful Manager At The County Library1205 Words   |  5 Pagesbest solution to a problem; therefore, it is better to work with somebody than against them. For example, The Office critical case analysis involved a communication barrier in managerial decision making between Krista Acklen, director of the public art program, and John Mitchell, director of parks and recreation, over limited office space. John went with his own decision without consulting Krista for her input on a reasonable solution to the problem of limited office space. In my opinion, John shouldRead MoreDiego Riveras La Siesta1977 Words   |  8 PagesMuseum Report: Diego Riveras La Siesta On Tuesday, November 2, 2004 I attended the San Antonio Museum of Art. The painting that left the most lasting impression was Diego Riveras La Siesta. The painting, a snapshot of indigenous Mexican life, had the biggest reaction because of my Mexican background. I also chose this painting because Diego Rivera was a Mexican artist. Diego Rivera went through many artistic phases during his life and in his later years, Rivera focused his art works onRead MoreDonatello Art840 Words   |  4 Pagesearly Renaissance period. The most famous works of art by Donatello include David, Mary Magdalene, Madonna, Salome, Zuccone, St. Mark, St. John the Evangelist and St. George and the Dragon Donatello was a forerunner of humanistic expression and worked towards creating a system of perspective Donatello produced sculptures in marble, bronze, terracotta and wood Donatello was one of the first Renaissance artists interested in the Classical art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome and becameRead More Cesar Chavez Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesStates† (Ender). Cesar Chavez; an American farm worker, who would soon become the labor leader that led to numerous improvements for union workers; it is recorded that Chavez was born near Yuma, Arizona on March 31, 1927 and died on April 23, 1993 in San Luis, Arizona. (Wikipedia) His life affected many others as his unselfish deeds changed the labor union force forever. This essay will discuss the reasons Cesar Chavez became involved in Union rights, the immediate impact he had, and also the legacyRead MoreJade : The Chinese Diamond1162 Words   |  5 Pagesused for decoration like gold, silver, bronze etc, but no one could replace the position of jade in Chinese people’s minds. Jade can represent a lot of symbols. We can see it from â€Å"5000 Years of Chinese Jade: ‘Featuring Selections from the National Museum of History† Jade craftworks were among the most precious and luxurious ones; people wore and decorated rooms to indicate loyalty, elegance, beauty, and eternity. The most popular patterns were: peach (longevity), mandarin duck (love), deer (high

Should Marijuana Be Illegal Essay - 812 Words

Marijuana charges reflect the still-existing discrimination in society. Although use rates for African-Americans are only around 25% greater than that of whites, marijuana possession arrests are about three times greater for blacks than whites (Gettman, 2009). Legalizing marijuana would eliminate this aspect of racial disparity in the United States, where any single step could be seen as a move in the right direction. This would also help decrease the population of those in jail or prison for marijuana offenses, instead allowing those individuals to become productive members of society. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press conducted a survey in March of 2013 concerning the public perspective on marijuana. It was seen that the majority of people support its legalization (Pew Research Center for the People the Press, 2013). In addition, since the 1990’s, there has been a steady decline in the percentage of people who believe marijuana should be illegal (Pew Research Center for the People the Press, 2013). Half of respondents reported that marijuana use is not a moral issue (Pew Research Center for the People the Press, 2013). Although there were differences between political parties as far as the legalization and enforcement of marijuana laws are concerned, despite political affiliation, the majority of those who responded agreed that â€Å"government efforts to enforce marijuana laws cost more than they are worth† (Pew Research Center for the People Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Illegal?989 Words   |  4 PagesThe word ma rijuana gained attention in almost every American household today. Those who oppose the legalization of the use of plants that its use is automatic smoke , but those who do not choose to use marijuana is considered to be conducive to maintaining its illegal. On legal objections relating to chemical plant has caused much controversy in the past two decades, is still an important issue. In the Unites States to legalize marijuana would greatly reduce crime in our city , and is formed byRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Illegal?1436 Words   |  6 PagesGetting to know Cannabis as a Whole Marijuana as you know is illegal in more than half of the United States. You would think marijuana was illegal because of some harmful effects but that s where you re wrong. The reasons why Marijuana was made illegal were because the the public were never informed about the real uses of Marijuana. Marijuana also known as Hemp is often used as source to make materials such as paper. Before 1883 about seventy-five to ninety percent of the world s paperRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Illegal?2020 Words   |  9 Pagesremember being told this my entire life and even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though it’’s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug that I am talking about is marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in today’s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even bother to leave theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Illegal? Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pagesremember being told this my entire life and even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though it’’s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug that I am talking about is marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in today’s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even bother to leave theRead MoreShould Marijuana Remain Be Illegal927 Words   |  4 Pages Should marijuana remain be illegal Since 2009 the government of the state California and Colorado, considered the idea of legalization of the marijuana. A high percentage of People of the United States doesn’t consider marijuana as a drug because is not strongly addictive. There’s also proves that marijuana never kill anyone and that is not so dangerous as alcohol and Tabaco. Marijuana should still remind illegal for his dangerousness. Marijuana is a magnificent pain reliever for people who sufferRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Illegal?925 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscoveries from a plant many call marijuana. The intriguing effects that come from the cannabis plant have slowly started to unveil, claiming many positive talks in the medical industry in treating terrible diseases that have affected millions of people. But it used to be talked about like a very terrible thing back in the day from all the talk that was happening being reported by the government. Which ultimately caused it to become illegal nation wide. But what initiated marijuana to become prohibited? TheRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Illegal Drugs?967 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies. Well I once had a belief until one day that all changed. Her name was Marijuana. Many people hold extreme views regarding drugs, especially illegal drugs. Anti-drug individuals often present a view of all illegal drugs as horrendous and without any redeeming qualities. I used to be this individual. Before my newfound discovery I believed marijuana usage was unacceptable , while despising the users. I perceived marijuana as a gateway drugs to other harmful dangerous drugs and a narcotic that honestlyRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Illegal1610 Words   |  7 PagesCannabis also known as marijuana, is a plant produced in many countries worldwide. Marijuana was first introduced by the Mexican immigrants for recreational usage, the misconduct of the drug had our whole nation in turmoil so it was voted on to be illegal throughout the whole United States. Marijuana possession is illegal and it is illegal for so many different reason. In fact, there were over 8.2 million marijuana arrest in the united states last year according to ACLU’s original analysis drawnR ead MoreShould Marijuana Stay Illegal?958 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Stay Illegal Should Marijuana stay illegal? That is the question. For many decade us as American has been going back and forth debating rather we should legalize this drug or taboo it from personal use. To me marijuana should stay illegal, while others might think differently towards this subject. The reason why I firmly believe we as a nation should keep this drug proscribed for being use for personalRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Illegal2091 Words   |  9 PagesThe argument of legalizing or prohibiting marijuana has been going on for very long time all over the world. In most countries, possession and use of marijuana is considered illegal. Today, some countries have legalized marijuana while other countries have not. In the United States, some states such as Washington and Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes for adults. There are a number of advocacy groups that stand for its legalization

An Emergency to Support the Indigent in the US - 890 Words

Poverty is a serious phenomenon that has been widespread all over the world. Although, many charitable organizations like CARE, Action Against Hunger (AAH) or Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) have operated with a highest enthusiasm to help the indigent, the amount of those have still been increasing significantly in recent years. According to the survey of the United States Census Bureau, the percentage of Americans in poverty rose from 12.2 to 15.9 percent and the proportion skyrocketed from 33.3 million to 48.8 million between 2000 and 2012 (Bishaw, 2013). The indigent are very poor people, including the disabled, beggars, homeless people who live in slums with lacking of insurance, being unemployed and earning underpaid salaries, about†¦show more content†¦However, in fact, infrastructures for helping the disability have still been inadequate in many countries. The verification of 14 public and university library buildings in Iran indicated that 53.8 percent of libraries did not have ramps and 63 percent did not provide exclusive spaces for disabled people (Bodaghi Zainab, 2013). Another challenging circumstance is difficulties to find jobs of the indigent in the economic recession period. Gabe (2008) claimed that the U.S. poverty rate was 13.2%, accounting for 39.8 million persons as having income below the official poverty line because of the economic recession in December 2007. Because of those situations, the government should be concerned about issuing policies to lift the indigent out of poverty. The assistance of the government to indigent people is a way not only to motivate them deal with difficulties but also to stabilize the society because increasing the poor rate has negative effects on the community. First, unemployed and homeless people, especially homeless adolescents who lose belief in living might involve anti-social behaviors and crimes like robbing, smuggling and drug abuse. For example, Burt (2007) found that 30 to 40 percent of homeless youth suffer from alcohol problems and 40 to 50 percent suffer from drug problems. Also according to the 2002 Calgary homelessness study examined that 77 percent of the homeless people in Calgary had been arrested severalShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of The Hospital Emergency1493 Words   |  6 PagesNiles (1994). Hospitals almost lost the duty to provide care to people in emergency because they turned patients away who cannot pay or indigents. That is why many people are afraid to dial 911 now even though they have an important emergency to go to the hospital emergency because of fear to turn way. This situation if not remedy can cause people to die when they could be saved if they would admit to the hospital emergency. Today, admitting to the hospital is so expensive that makes it very difficultRead MoreWhy Homelessness Is Like A Diseases?1218 Words   |  5 PagesLending a Hand to the Indigent Homelessness is like a diseases, increasingly taking down the most vulnerable of our population, but many Americans are insensitive to it. â€Å"The population of the desolate increased by two percent from 239,759 to 243,701 in the years 2009-2011 according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness† (Fagan 330). At this rate many could possibly face the same problem and have to deal with the harsh conditions homeless do on a daily basis. Although homelessness is frownRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Striking The Heart Of Hospitals Across The United States1499 Words   |  6 Pagesdisbursements. The information was measured against the hospital actual cost to provide basic health service to patients. We also measured the hospital expenditures for the patients covered by these companies to actual receivables. This information allowed us to determine that third party payments did not offset the actual cost of services performed. At least eighty percent of the hospital’s budget relies on third party payers such as Medicaid/Medicare and private insurance companies. In addition, theyRead MoreEssay about Illegal Aliens and American Medicine1017 Words   |  5 Pagesconsequences. We judge reality primarily by what we have seen. But what we do not see can be more dangerous, more expensive, and more deadly than what is seen. What is unseen is their free medical care that has degraded and closed some of America’s finest emergency medical facilities, and caused hospital bankruptcies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The General Accounting Office traveled to southern Arizona to study the impact of illegal immigrants on Arizona and other border state hospitals. In 2002, three hospitalsRead MoreThe Mission Of Metropolitan Hospital741 Words   |  3 Pagesvolume of services As a not-for-profit hospital, our focus and charitable mission is on providing reasonably priced care to all patients who approach us, including the indigent population who make up a majority of our patient base at Metropolitan’s pre-natal and well-baby community clinic. Our positive public relations will encourage community support, loyalty and ownership in Metropolitan based on its quality, safety and service efforts. Strategy A actively promotes and informs the community aboutRead MoreThe Social Issue Of Homelessness1138 Words   |  5 Pagesarea, identify the social issue of homelessness, and address using a social action model for community change, and the strengths and weaknesses of the model. According to the United States Census Bureau estimate, Lakeland had a population of 100,710 (US Census Bureau, 2006). 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Health and Morbidity Clinics, emergency services, and no large scale hospitalRead MoreThe Healthcare Delivery System Of The United Kingdom1232 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom have been linked and have been placed on the world stage together as world powers. The linkage of these two countries spans back to the discovery and creation of the thirteen original colonies of the US and does not end with the independence of these colonies from Great Britain. In recent years, the availability, cost and quality of healthcare have become of utmost interest to citizens of the US with the advent of Obamacare. So examiningRead More Healers of Our Every Illness Essay2768 Words   |  12 Pagesit in the best shape possible. Advertisements and commercials that make unhealthy lifestyles attractive could be one reason why people are abusing their bodies. People lacking education on changing their habits could be another. Providing the indigent with healthcare Insuring the multitudes People who are not able to afford medical care do not visit doctors and, therefore, are not told why they should not abuse their bodies. This is assuming that physicians and healthcare organizations areRead MoreA Brief Note On Canada And The United States Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation is expected to increase by 325 million by 2020; the population will increase by about 20%. All this to say that it is crucial that America tries to make healthcare more accessible and available to the entire population not solely to the indigents and seniors for the better of the society. If this situation is not resolved, it will only cause more deficiency in the American healthcare system and making the situation worse than it already is. Finance According to Canadian Institute for Health

Jean Watson Free Essays

Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Heidijo Elyea Olivet Nazarene University Theoretical and Professional Foundations of Nursing MSN SP2013 NRSG-653-54 Theresa Williams March 19, 2013 Certification of Authorship: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for the purpose of this assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Watson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your Signature: _____Heidijo Elyea____________________________ Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring focuses on holistic care of the patient and understanding the power of a meaningful therapeutic relationship. The theory is a middle-range theory and is based on the role of care and the influence of caring on healing. Caring is a moral ideal of nursing that involves mind, body, and soul engagement with another, which can be expressed through nursing interventions (Chinn Kramer, 2011). Many nurses have adopted Jean Watson’s Caring Theory in their own practice. Nursing has a commitment to protect, enhance, and preserve their client’s humanity by helping them restore harmony. Caring moments should transform both the patient and nurse, as they are linked together. Educational History Jean Watson earned her BSN, MS, and PhD degrees all at University of Colorado. She was also the former dean in the College of Nursing and founded the Center for Human Caring (Parker Smith, 2010). Watson’s undergraduate and graduate degrees are in nursing and mental health nursing. Her PhD is in educational psychology and counseling. Jean Watson also serves as director of the Watson Caring Science Institute, which is a nonprofit company she founded and is dedicated to promoting the work of caring, science, and heart-centered nursing (Parker Smith, 2010). Overview of Theory of Human Caring Major Elements There are four major elements in Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. The four elements are the ten carative factors/clinical caritas processes, transpersonal caring relationships, caring moment/occasion, and caring-healing modalities. Carative factors are a guide and process in which a person cares for another and does all they can to protect, support, enhance, and maintain his or her quality of life. Transpersonal caring is a time when the nurse and patient come together and has an influence on each other. Caring should not be done as a chore as an assignment as it is an ethical deliberate action. Caring moments occur when two people come together with one person being the care recipient. Watson also developed the concept of clinical caritas that evolved from carative factors. Caritas means to cherish and expands on the relationship between caring and healing for self and others (Parker Smith, 2010). Original Carative Factors Dr. Watson started her theory with ten carative factors, which she later evolved into clinical caritas processes. The ten factors are: 1. Formation of a humanistic- altruistic system of values. 2. Instillation of faith-hope. 3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others. 4. Establishing a helping-trusting relationship, human caring relationship. 5. Promotion and acceptance of the expression of feelings, both positive and negative 6. The systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process. 7. Promotion of system and subjective life world of self and one being cared for. 6. Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process becomes transpersonal teaching-learning. 8. Provision for a supportive, protective and /or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs. 10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces. Parker Smith, 2010) Clinical Caritas Processes Watson’s evolved carative factors became clinical caritas processes evokes a way for nurses to be more open and adds a spiritual touch to the relationship. The clinical caritas processes are: 1. Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values becomes the practice of loving kindness and equanimity within the context of caring consciousness. 2. Instillation of faith-h ope becomes being authentically present, and enabling and deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one being cared for. 3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others becomes cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self, opening to others with sensitivity and compassion. 4. Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship becomes developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship. 5. Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings, becomes being present to, and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one being cared for. 6. Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process becomes creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring- healing practices. 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning becomes engaging in genuine learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference. 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment becomes creating healing environment at all levels (a physical and nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby holeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated). 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs becomes assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering â€Å"human care essentials†, which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care, tending to both embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence. 10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces becomes opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death; soul care for self and the one-being-care-for. Parker Smith, 2010). The first three carative factors form the â€Å"philosophical foundation† for the science of   caring. The remaining seven carative factors spring from the foundation laid by these first three (Parker Smith, 2010). Implications of the Caring Theory Jean Watson feels her theory can be considered a â€Å"philosophical and moral/ethical foundation for professional nursing and part of the central focus for nursing at the disciplinary level† (Parker Smith, 2010). The theory offers a framework that encompasses the arts, sciences, humanities, spirituality, and evolving dimensions of holistic medicine and nursing. The model is an invitation to work together and experiment with the ideas and the philosophy. Watson offers up several questions to assess where we are as nurses within the framework of the Caring Science. †¢ Is there congruence between the values and major concepts and beliefs in the model and the given nurse, group, system, organization, curriculum, population needs, clinical administrative setting, or other entity that is considering interacting with the caring model to transform and/or improve practice? What is one’s view of human? And what it means to be human, caring, healing, becoming, growing, transforming, etc. Such thinking in regard to this philosophical question can guide one’s worldview and help to clarify where one may locate self within the caring framework. †¢ Are those interacting and engaging in the model interested in their own personal evolution? Are they committed to seeking authentic connections and caring-healing relationships with self and others? Are those involved â€Å"conscious† of their caring caritas or noncaring consciousness and intentionally in a given moment and at an individual and system level? Are they interested and committed to expanding their caring consciousness and actions to self, other, environment, nature and wider universe? †¢ Are those working within the model interested in shifting their focus from a modern medical science-technocure orientation to a true caring-healing-loving model (Parker Smith, 2010)? Strengths and Limitations Jean Watson’s theory has many strengths, as it is logical, generalizable, and relatively simple. The theory is based on phenomenological studies that ask questions rather than state hypotheses and can be used to guide and improve practice. Supported by the theoretical work of numerous humanists, philosophers, developmentalists and psychologists. This theory places the client in the context of the family, the community and the culture and places the client as the focus on practice rather than the technology. Limitations of Dr. Watson’s theory are few, but the main limitation is that the carative factors primarily address the psychosocial needs. The physical and biological needs appear secondary. Conclusion Watson’s theory provides many useful concepts for nursing practice. She also ties together other theories used in nursing education. The ten carative factors and caritas processes provide guidance to nurses wishing to improve their nursing practice. References Chinn, P. L. , Kramer, M. K. (2011). Integrated knowledge development in nursing (8th ed. ). St. Louis: Mosby. Parker, M. , Smith, M. (2010). Nursing theories nursing practice 3rd ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. How to cite Jean Watson, Papers

Starting School Later free essay sample

Getting up in the morning is very difficult after a long weekend or a long night of staying up doing homework, and everyday kids complain about going to school because they are to tired. What do schools and parents do about it? They tell us to toughen up and to go to bed early, but how is that possible? If we were to start school later, the school day would be so much more easier and students wouldn’t complain as much. Students would be better prepared and have more attention span, it would improve test and grades because students would be more focused instead of looking at the clock waiting for school to get out. Starting school later would not just help the teachers out it would help parents as well because there would be less fighting to go to school and the kids would be in a better mood. We will write a custom essay sample on Starting School Later or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Plus more sleep is required for teens now more then ever. Starting school just 30 minutes later was connected with huge improvements in teens reported sleep times, mood and health. Not only did the average student sleep about 30 minutes later it the morning, many reported going to bed about 15 minutes earlier. Dr. Owens said some students reported they felt so much better sleeping later, they also decided to try to go to bed earlier to get more sleep. Yes teens should start going to bed earlier, but from studies it shows that even though teens go to bed earlier, they are more tired in the morning then when they go to bed later. The RSU 10 school district has late arrivals on wednesday and students get to go in a hour later, it seems to help a lot. The students seem to be more rested and happier because they get to sleep longer and classes are shorter. Schools should really consider changing the school days from waking up an hour later and staying an hour longer. Teens would be better rested and would be ready to do work.