Impact of Consumer Credit Laws

Impact of Consumer Credit Laws In today’s consumer based society, the need for credit is undoubted. More and more individuals and organisations are reliant upon credit to undertake their day to day activities, thus the role of credit in society has magnified in unmeasurable amounts. There are also more personal credit products available on the market than when the original Consumer Credit Act 1974 was drawn up, thus there is more of a need to regulate these products and the relationships between creditor and debtor in order to avoid any unfair conduct on the part of either party. As the Government White Paper suggests: The laws governing this market were set out a generation ago. In 1971, there was only one credit card available; now there are 1,300. 30 years ago,  £32m was owed on credit cards; now it is over  £49bn. The regulatory structure that was put in place then is not the same as the regulatory structure required today. As the credit market has developed, reforms have become necessary to modernise the current regime and update it for the 21st century.[1] This evidence clearly supports the idea that the previous rules governing consumer credit relationships are significantly outmoded and outdated, and are in dire need of updating and reworking to meet the needs of a modern society. The nature of the relationship between a debtor and their creditor or supplier has subsequently become more complex and legalistic, and requires rules that govern these specific relationships without relying upon the general principles that can be found in, say, the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, which will be discussed in more detail in due course. This brief intends to consider the new provisions of the Consumer Credit Act 2006 and determine whether this legislation goes too far in protecting the rights of debtors, as opposed to the rights of creditors and suppliers. These conclusions will be drawn based upon consideration of the primary legislation, including the previous Consumer Credit Act 1974, as well as the apparent diverse and conflicting nature of secondary sources on this issue. It appears that a number of viewpoints could be explored, and this brief intends to do just that in order to arrive at the most appropriate conclusion. The Government had already completed a review of the 1974 Act in its White Paper, which will be discussed shortly. This Paper identified key areas where the law was not protecting the rights of consumers, and often allowed credit companies to take advantage of vulnerable individuals in order to rise to the top of what has effectively become a crowded and cut-throat marketplace. Each company is trying to sell its product to consumers, each trying to maximise the revenue it can make from it. In order to avoid innocent Britons from being exploited by unregulated corporations, the Government commission its review into the Consumer Credit Act 1974 before drafting the Consumer Credit Act 2006, in order to ensure that the new law was going to address the most salient of concerns of con sumers. It was also important to define who should be afforded protection under the new law. Should it be aimed at the general British consumer, or should it have specifications that restrict who could rely upon these provisions based upon certain socio-economic factors? This is where this report will begin. Perhaps the best place to begin would be to continue considering the DTI’s White Paper on consumer credit in the 21st century. While it does not consider the current Consumer Credit Act 2006 in express terms due to its publication several years before its enactment, it does highlight the perceived inadequacies of the then existing consumer credit protections of the Consumer Credit Act 1974. Firstly, it appears that the Government is concerned with establishing a transparent marketplace that prevents debtors from being taken advantage of by creditors and suppliers. It plans to accomplish this by having clear and effective regulations in place to govern the use of advertising in selling credit products.[2] This intends to address the inadequacies provided not only by the 1974 Act, but also by the Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1989 due to the recently explosive nature of consumer credit products and contracts. The rationale behind such a move by the government can only be suggested to attempt to protect the consumer against any deceptive or misleading conduct by creditors through advertising promotional campaigns that could unduly influence them into entering into consumer credit contracts which do not specifically cater for their needs or financial situations. This would be consistent with the notion that the intention of the 2006 Act is to protect the consumer/debtor more so than the creditor, due to their more vulnerable position in the marketplace. Quite obviously, disparity does exist between the negotiation and contractual powers of debtors and creditors, and thus the intention of the Government is to create a more level playing field, allowing them to do business in a manner which is not only legal, but also moral and ethical. Another way the Government claimed this will be done in its White Paper was through standardisation of the form of consumer credit contracts.[3] This would, theoretically, ensure that there are minimal difference s between the standard terms of a consumer credit contract regardless of who the credit provider was, and regardless of what the actual lending product was. Again, this clearly is intended to protect the debtor more so than the creditor, given the disparity in contractual and negotiation abilities and resources available to the two parties. The Government even intends to reflect the changes in the way we contract that have come into existence since the 1974 Act, including online contracts. The rationale behind this is that the use of the internet in contractual dealings can often lead to an increased possibility of fraud on the part of either party.[4] What this means is that one could quite possibly enter into a contractual agreement through an online method without going through the full stringent identity criteria as they might be required to if they were personally entering into this agreement at, say, a bank. Normally a 100-point ID check, or similar procedure, may be used or r elied upon by a creditor in order to ensure that they were dealing with the person whose name appears on the contractual documents. However, this may also extend to a debtor where the reliability of the credit provider could not be ascertained. This protection would then effectively protect both the creditor and debtor to ensure that the contract was reliable, and that the correct person or entity was included as a party to the agreement. Perhaps the most important aspect of the Government White Paper regarding consumer credit contracts is the introduction of more stringent licensing criteria for credit providers. The Government’s hope, in 2003, was that the reform to the consumer credit laws would give the Office of Fair Trading more power to investigate credit providers to ensure that they were complying with the terms of the license granted upon them. Previously, the DTI claimed that the tests that a credit provider was required to pass to gain a license only determined whether they initially met these criteria, and did not illustrate whether they continued to meet the criteria, and thus remain fit to provide credit to consumers.[5] This would, theoretically, maintain the integrity of the consumer credit industry, making it much safer for consumers to deal in the sometimes overwhelming credit market. Again, this appears to be protecting the consumer’s interests more so than those of the credit supplie r. The DTI has identified a number of areas that the Consumer Credit Act 1974 was lax in upholding and protecting in the interests of consumer credit, and it would appear that, based upon the general consensus of this White Paper (a fundamental research document that highlights the Government’s intention in reforming particular laws) that the DTI is more concerned about consumers being taken advantage of due to developments in the credit market that tend to fall outside the scope of the 1974 Act. This is mainly due to social and technological advances that were not within comprehension at the time the 1974 Act came into enforcement and a lack of reform since that time. However, while the shortfalls of the Act have been duly illustrated by the DTI, what if a consumer continues to have a problem with a credit contract? To what institution do they turn to exercise their right of redress? The DTI uses its White Paper to harangue the idea of the Financial Ombudsman Service being e mpowered to investigate contractual dispute involving consumer credit. This would create an alternative dispute resolution pathway that may ultimately avoid the pomposity, risk and financial burden that was previously required in order to take a matter to court. Rather, this would make the dispute resolution procedure much more appealing and affordable to a consumer, giving them more opportunity to vindicate their legal rights where they might otherwise be precluded from doing so due to pressing financial commitments. This does gear itself towards the consumer more so than the creditor, as a credit providing company would presumably have a greater access to legal expertise and resources by comparison to the individual person, thus the DTI found it prudent to address the shortfalls of the 1974 Act in protecting individual debtors. While these have all been appropriately illustrated by the DTI’s White Paper, it is important to note that this was simply and analysis of the 1974 Act in conjunction with today’s developing credit-based society, and does not in itself give rise to any legal effect. It does, however, point out the reasons behind the Government’s wish to reform consumer credit laws, and gives one a way to measure the effectiveness of the now enacted Consumer Credit Act 2006 by applying these criteria. It is now important to consider the express provisions of this Act in order to determine whether these shortfalls identified by the DTI have been adequately addressed and protected by the new Act. Before considering the possible codification of the DTI’s discussion in the Consumer Credit Act 2006, it is important to establish the scope of application for this Act. It does not apply to businesses or corporations who enter into consumer credit contracts solely for business purposes. Rather, it serves to protect individuals that may be at less of a negotiation or contracting position than what a business would which may have access to virtually unlimited capital. The 2006 Act defines an ‘individual’ as: (a) a partnership consisting of two or three persons not all of whom are bodies corporate; and (b) an unincorporated body of persons which does not consist entirely of bodies corporate and is not a partnership.[6] The inclusion of these two categories as ‘individuals’ for the purposes of the Act gives more people protection under the Act than what may have been afforded otherwise under the 1974 Act, thus ensuring more consumers are protected. It clearly precludes large businesses and corporations from seeking protection under the Act, thus ensuring that only those who may not necessarily be able to provide their own legal protection are protected by law from being taken advantage of. Additionally, section 2 of the 2006 Act removes the previously existing financial limits for protection under the Act ( £25,000)[7] thus broadening the scope of application, however section 3 excludes consumers with a ‘high net worth’ from also obtaining protection under the Act, which subsequently re-limits the scope of application to those consumers who really are in need of consumer protection. The presence of these provisions in the 2006 Act suggests that the intention of the Act is to provide protection for those that may otherwise be at a disability to do so of their own will and accord. One of the most important changes that the 2006 Act has made to consumer credit regulation is the ability of a court to now hear matters relating to unfair credit relationships. The powers of the court in such circumstances have been defined, as have the procedural requirements for bringing such a matter before a court.[8] Under the newly amended sections of the 1974 Act, a court must have regard for the following factors when adjudicating on the issue of an unfair relationship: (a) any of the terms of the agreement or of any related agreement; (b) the way in which the creditor has exercised or enforced any of his rights under the agreement or any related agreement; (c) any other thing done (or not done) by, or on behalf of, the creditor (either before or after the making of the agreement or any related agreement).[9] Additionally, the remedies available to the court include: (a) require the creditor, or any associate or former associate of his, to repay (in whole or in part) any sum paid by the debtor or by a surety by virtue of the agreement or any related agreement (whether paid to the creditor, the associate or the former associate or to any other person); (b) require the creditor, or any associate or former associate of his, to do or not to do (or to cease doing) anything specified in the order in connection with the agreement or any related agreement; (c) reduce or discharge any sum payable by the debtor or by a surety by virtue of the agreement or any related agreement; (d) direct the return to a surety of any property provided by him for the purposes of a security; (e) otherwise set aside (in whole or in part) any duty imposed on the debtor or on a surety by virtue of the agreement or any related agreement; (f) alter the terms of the agreement or of any related agreement; (g) direct accounts to be taken, or (in Scotland) an accounting to be made, between any persons.[10] Essentially these provisions allow a debtor to challenge a consumer credit contract on the basis of it being ‘unfair’ to them, and empower a court to take remedial action where the law was previously vague and uncertain. It affords the debtor further protection from a creditor, given them a clear indication of their rights where they believe they have fallen victim to unfair conduct. It may serve to exonerate them from a contract they were having difficulty to adhering to because the terms were quite clearly outside their ability to keep to, or similar arguments. While this does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman, which will be discussed shortly, it still allows a debtor to seek protection from the law from a consumer credit contract that they must have otherwise been contractually obliged to perform. This does not suggest that avoidance of a contract under these provisions is easier by any means as just cause still needs to be shown pursuant to the rules a nd principles of evidence and court, however there is no disputing the fact that this statutory remedy is available to those who are in dire need of exercising it where a contract can be construed as being unfair. Unfairness may result from the terms of the contract itself, or from any conduct by the creditor arising after the commencement of the agreement, thus this legislation appears to be catering more for the debtor than the creditor. These provisions specifically cover, in their express terms, any unfairness arising from the conduct of the creditor, as does not relate to the debtor as such. When viewed in conjunction with the application and definition provisions outlined above, it is clear that this law only intends to serve the individual, and not the creditor. In addition to the ‘unfair relationship’ protection through the courts afforded to debtors by the introduction of the 2006 Act, it also contains an alternative dispute resolution pathway that can often avoid a long and arduous litigation process. Sections 59-61 of the Consumer Credit Act 2006 confer powers upon the Financial Services Ombudsman to hear any disputes that involve licensed persons (i.e. a credit provider company licensed under the 2006 Act, which will be discussed shortly), and will also bind these license holders to abide by any decisions made by the FSO in accordance with Schedule 2. Section 59 of the Act requires that any person holding a license to provide consumer credit must submit to the jurisdiction of the Financial Ombudsman Service in order to resolve any disputes which the FOS is empowered by the Act to hear. In order for the dispute to fall within the scope of the jurisdiction of the FOS, it must meet the eligibility criteria outlined in the new section 226A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (inserted by the 2006 Act), which are: (a) the complainant is eligible and wishes to have the complaint dealt with under the scheme; (b) the complaint falls within a description specified in consumer credit rules; (c) at the time of the act or omission the respondent was the licensee under a standard licence or was authorised to carry on an activity by virtue of section 34A of the Consumer Credit Act 1974; (d) the act or omission occurred in the course of a business being carried on by the respondent which was of a type mentioned in subsection (3); (e) at the time of the act or omission that type of business was specified in an order made by the Secretary of State; and (f) the complaint cannot be dealt with under the compulsory jurisdiction.[11] Essentially, if the complaint is one that falls under the compulsory jurisdiction of the Financial Ombudsman Service that is granted under section 226 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, then it will not fall under the new consumer credit power. The presence of these provisions makes it more effective and less costly for an aggrieved person to raise a dispute with a consumer credit contract that they have entered, which can (and most likely will) avoid the matter proceeding before a court. This makes the dispute resolution process more accessible for individual persons that may not have otherwise had the available funds to commence a legal action in court. Finally, the other main practical change that the Consumer Credit Act 2006 has made to credit law is the introduction of more stringent licensing criteria for businesses and companies wanting to enter the market to sell credit products to consumers. Section 38 of the 2006 Act inserts a provision in the 1974 Act at section 33A which empowers the Office of Fair Trading to make regulations that will govern the distribution of licenses to these parties. This allows the Government the flexibility to adapt the regulations to address the changing social climate in a way that the broad framework of the 1974 Act could not. This would, then, allow the Government to impose regulations on advertising and other consumer interaction which may otherwise escape the broad legal framework of legislation. Additionally, section 44-46 of the 2006 Act specify requirements in relation to the provision of licensing assessment information (and changes thereof) by license applicants to the OFT, which allows t he OFT to make a continual assessment as to the fitness of a party to hold a credit provision license. This was one of the key shortfalls that the White Paper suggested, and appears to have been addressed adequately in the new law. Civil penalties of up to  £50,000 now apply if a licensed person or business fails to comply with the conditions of its credit provision license.[12] Finally, an appeals system has been established by sections 55-58 of the 2006 Act which allow for appeals against a decision by the OFT to grant a license to an applicant, which gives rise to a method of review via the newly established Consumer Credit Appeals Tribunal. This provides for an administrative review of the decisions handed down by the OFT in relation to their licensing and regulative powers within the Act, which may be able to be judicially reviewed by the Court of Appeal with the leave of the Court (on questions of law, not fact).[13] This appeal procedure again appears to be consistent with the notion that the rationale of the Consumer Credit Act 2006 is to protect the rights and interests of debtors as opposed to those of creditors and suppliers. It appears that the idea of this Act is to saturate the market with new regulations that control the way creditors enter into consumer credit contracts with their debtors, and does not necessarily cater for the needs of creditors as such. In conclusion, it would appear that the Consumer Credit Act 2006 caters more so for the rights and interests of debtors than those of creditors, however it would be difficult to maintain an argument to suggest that the law goes too far in protecting these rights. The Government White Paper identified a number of salient points that the 1974 Act did not address, and the Government has appeared to have legislated accordingly. Given that the previous 1974 Act was significantly outdated and not particularly relevant to modern society in both a social and legal context, there was a real need for this law to be updated in order to afford consumers maximum protection against otherwise unfair conduct that was not recognised in law. The law was updated more out of necessity than out of spite for consumer credit providers. The application of these laws does not generally appear to infringe on the rights of credit providers, it merely suggests that the market needs more stringent controls to av oid certain parties taking advantage of otherwise vulnerable individuals. The rationale behind the introduction, as the White Paper suggests, was to create a fairer and more transparent consumer credit market, which gave the individual more competitive and legitimate rights that they are now able to exercise in an attempt to remove the disparity between consumers and credit providers in terms of their negotiation and contractual abilities. There appears to be no malice or ill-will by the Government towards credit providers, rather just a desire to exercise control in an area of commerce that has expanded exponentially since the law was last reviewed more than a generation ago. The flexibility provided under the new Act through delegation of regulative powers to the OFT and Ombudsman also allows the law to be updated as society dictates, which ensures that the law will always be given the opportunity to reflect the needs of consumers as the market changes. This means that this debate will continually be revisited as the market expands and changes and, if there is a need to review the law in the future, there is no need to go through the lengthy legislative process which has dragged this legislation through 18 months of parliamentary delays, especially due to the calling of the 2005 General Election after the Bill was only passed its Commons stages. This law appears to be perfect for the current socio-economic climate of the British consumer credit market, and to argue that it goes too far in protecting consumer’s rights is simply untenable. Bibliography Legislation Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1989 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Consumer Credit Act 2006 (also, explanatory notes) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 Government Publications Department of Trade and Industry, Fair, Clear and Competitive: The Consumer Credit Market in the 21st Century (2003), Journal Articles/Other Sources John, C, ‘Consumer Credit – The New Landscape’ (2006) 18 Compliance Monitor 9 Singleton, S, ‘In Focus: Consumer Credit Act 2006’ (2006) 29 Consumer Law Today 8 Smith, J, ‘Practice Points: Credit Where Credit Is Due’ (2006) 103.25 Law Society Gazette 34 Unknown, ‘Consumer Credit: A New Age But Old Problems’ (2004) 6 Finance and Credit Law 1 Footnotes [1] Department of Trade and Industry, Fair, Clear and Competitive: The Consumer Credit Market in the 21st Century (2003), 4. [2] Ibid, 30-33. [3] Department of Trade and Industry, as above n 1, 33-36. [4] Ibid, 37-40. [5] Ibid, 45-48. [6] Consumer Credit Act 2006, s 1. [7] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 8. [8] Consumer Credit Act 2006, ss 19-22. [9] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 140A(1). [10] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 140B(1). [11] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 226A(2). [12] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 39A (as amended). [13] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 41A (as amended).

Battle Of Gettysburg :: essays research papers fc

Selected Views of the Battle of Gettysburg On July 1st of 1863 the battle of Gettysburg began. The battle was more less an unexpected disaster; neither side had planed the battle they ended up in the same place and the battle begun. There where many wounded and many casualties. Much like the final battle in The Red Badge of Courage when most of Henry’s regiment is wiped out by a daring charge. This charge leads to the downfall of the Confederacy as well as the fall of Henry’s regiment. 3 days before the battle of Gettysburg the Union replaced General Hooker with General George G. Meade. The Battle lasted for 3 long bloody days. The Confederate army took heavy casualties causing this fight to be a major turning point in the war. Although the union was losing the war up to this point and out number 75,000 to 97,000, they still managed to win this crucial fight. â€Å"This was the bloodiest battle in the American history, on American soil† (tqjunior.advanced.org). On the first day of the battle not much fighting took place, not all of the army was there from either side. It seemed the Confederacy had the upper hand at first because they had twice as many men as the union in the beginning of battle. But the Union had the new repeating rifles that reloaded much faster then the Confederacy’s single-load muskets. The Union army positioned it’s self along wood fences on McPherson’s Ridge. These men were one of the first units to enter the area. They where able to hold off Lee’s army until more Union troops could arrive. The Confederates where not prepared for this new rain of bullets and they were forced to start retreating. After a short retreat they regrouped and began a flanking attack. The union was forced to retreat and Gettysburg had fallen to the confederates for the day. The next day there would be hope for the union would have a new advantage. On day 2 the Union troops positioned themselves on top of Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge. General Sickles of the union was ordered to fortify Little Round top but he saw no value in this and advanced to Devil’s Den. After heavy fighting in Devil’s Den General Sickles army was forced to retreat several times first to the Wheatfield, then the peach orchard and finally to Emmetsburg road. There where battles fought at each location as well as fighting on Culp’s hill that had a famous bayonet charge by Colonel Chamberlain. General Longstreet was order to attack Little Round Top, Devil’s Den, the wheat fields, and the peach orchard.

What challenges have the student in Stream A’s ‘Academic Culture and Learning’ classes

Abstraction The online in category study was conducted in March 2014. This study is demoing some jobs with international pupils, such as academic conventions and civilization daze. In SIBT many pupils have these jobs, it could be influence pupils study in abroad state. For these jobs, there are some recommendations for these jobs pupils can seek to do new friends, besides school can do some group to allow pupils cognize new friends and understand the new civilization. At same clip, make pupils follow new survey manner, it will be helpful their survey, because civilization daze and academic conventions are chief jobs for international pupils, if they can work out those jobs it will be good for their life and survey in abroad state. Introduction There has been a addition in international pupils over the last decennaries. Sydney Institute of Business and Technology ( SIBT ) is a chief instruction institute in NSW that accommodates IS demands. Academic civilization and acquisition ( CAL ) is a class that teaches academic English and is a mandatory unit. There are eight categories short in CAL and this research is on these categories. Loneliness and homesickness are two of import jobs which can be impact IS. Students and universities should be overcome all of the jobs with survey in abroad. This study give the information about challenges to the abroad pupils. Literature Review There is no inquiry, nowadays international pupils ( IS ) survey in other states, they will confront many different jobs, it will be act upon their survey, such as civilization daze and academic conventions. Duworth ( 2010 ) province that in Australian higher instruction one of the of import things for pupils is English linguistic communication degrees, particularly for international pupils. Harmonizing to Oweas ( 2011 ) , to assist the exchange pupils get more experiences about Australian instruction theoretical account, it deployed by critical battle with diverse stuffs in altering contexts. Gary & A ; Murray ( 2011 ) province that the importance of written and unwritten communicating accomplishments are agreed by surveies of communicating in accounting. For this point both formal and informal surveies have tended to utilize general footings. Hellsten & A ; Prescott ( 2004 ) province that the of import job about Asiatic pupils are that they think it is hard to lend with others in category and discus with each other. Brick ( 2006 ) province that civilization daze is a broad scope of symptoms what result when a individual is forced to transport at the normal maps of day-to-day life in unfamiliar ways, it is named of civilization daze. Xia ( 2009 ) province the civilization daze is the chief manner to giving people negative impact. It shows a portion of solutions and evolutes the effectivity The methods Participants There are 118 CAL A pupils who study in SIBT. All most people from China, other people from Asiatic and Saudi Arabia. Procedures The questionnaire or study carried out online. CAL pupils, such as figure and per centum. The SIBT pupils were the research worker. Measures There two sorts of inquiries civilization daze and academic conventions. In civilization daze, there are many inquiries, such as civilization daze since coming to Australia, what kinds of civilization daze. In adamic conventions, English hard to grok during periods of hearing, written English is reasonably easy. It is easy to written English during the category clip. Consequences From the research, it can be seen homesickness ( 49.15 % ) and solitariness ( 35.59 % ) is large job for CAL students.to solve those jobs, about pupils spend clip with friends ( 55.93 % ) , other pupils try to make something to work out these jobs. In academic conventions, about pupils think listening is non job for them, but there are still have other jobs such as 35.59 % pupils thick English is hard for them. After this, 40.68 % pupils believe their unwritten English is clear and easy understand, merely 17.80 % pupil disagree with it. Student troubles with geting new academic conventions. Learning new academic content is non easy for pupil, such as linguistic communication job and category acquisition, they are troubles for pupil geting new academic conventions. For illustration, merely 15.25 % pupils think listening is bot job for them, and more than half pupils think they have composing job. Some pupils ( 34.75 % ) believe it hard to understand the content of their talks. Dunworth ( 2010 ) province that in Australian, the English linguistic communication conventions degrees of pupil has becomes a important job, it is peculiarly for abroad pupils. For international pupils, a linguistic communication degree is really of import, because it non merely impacts their survey, but besides it can impact their life in other state. Gary & A ; Murray ( 2011 ) province that composing and unwritten communicating accomplishments are of import for survey. If a individual can speak with each other and at same clip he or she can compose anything about their survey or occupation it wi ll be easy for their survey or work. In decision, linguistic communication and adapt to the new acquisition environment is really of import fir international pupils, because it non merely assist their survey or woke, besides it can be impact their life in abroad state. The impact of civilization daze symptoms on the ability to analyze. Culture daze means when people coming to new topographic point and follow out the different day-to-day life. This job is when a individual moves to new civilization background work and unrecorded. For civilization daze, differences look. The being of cultural differences cause misunderstand or mistakes in the procedure of English acquisition. In the research of CAL pupils, 45 % of pupils agree with this, when they coming to Australian, they have been cognizant of some affect are civilization daze. As consequence, civilization daze is the average manner to act upon pupils analyze in new civilization background. Xia ( 2009 ) states that, civilization daze, the feelings like haplessness, it is of import for some people who come into contact with new civilization. In the study consequence, there are 18.64 % pupils think they are deficiency of focal point or trouble with concentrations. At the same clip, Birck ( 2006 ) province that headaches contestant fatigue, trouble in kiping. All of those jobs are physical symptoms of civilization daze, from the study consequences, more than half pupils believe that they got those jobs. Decision The most important findings of this study include what is civilization daze, what civilization daze influence, and the symptoms of civilization daze. For illustration, fatigue, solitariness, homesickness and concerns, all of these jobs cause from civilization daze, both psychological science and physical jobs are really of import for pupils, because these jobs will impact pupils analyze and lives. Brick ( 2006 ) states that civilization daze, itself in feelings in annoyance and restlessness, the development of negative stereotypes of the host civilization. Besides Xia ( 2009 ) province that civilization daze is the chief ground to given negative and impact IS survey in other civilization. Dunworth ( 2010 ) province that in Australia, the English linguistic communication convention degrees are really of import, because it can be help pupils better their linguistic communication accomplishments. For this study it clearly pointed out the negative and impact from civilization daze and ac ademic conventions. However, it dose non give the clear suggest. As the consequence, it could be give some good solutions to assist IS survey in other civilization. Recommendations for pupils and universities [ Type text ] Page 1

Theseus and the Minotaur and the Hunger Games

Throughout countless novels society remains a common theme. Societal structure greatly reflects upon the composure of the plot, as well as the characters. In the novel The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, Collins creates an alternate society which is completely controlled by their government, the Capitol. The Hunger Games is reminiscent of the Greek myth, Theseus and the Minotaur. They both share the idea of a society supervised thoroughly by the government, and the idea of a method of rebelling against higher powers.Collins uses the literary device of allusion to reference her literary work of The Hunger Games to characters and themes found in Theseus and the Minotaur. The Hunger Games and Theseus and the Minotaur both express the themes of sacrifice, oppression, government control, and survival through characterization and allegory. The characters of Katniss Everdeen and Prince Theseus of Athens both illustrate what it takes to sacrifice one’s self for others.They both have incredible incentives towards their decision of â€Å"volunteering as tribute,† yet they have different motives regarding who or what they made their choices for. From the beginning of The Hunger Games, it’s clear Katniss has a true connection to her younger sister, Prim, and genuinely cares for her. â€Å"How could I leave Prim, who is the only person in the world I’m certain I love? † (Collins, 10) Katniss implies that in all matters, she’ll always be there for Prim, who is eventually her motivation for volunteering as tribute for her.In Theseus and the Minotaur, Theseus volunteers to end King Minos’s viscous and never ending cycle of tributes sent to fight the minotaur, but are defeated and killed. What Katniss and Theseus have in the common is that they’re both volunteering so others don’t have to suffer. Katniss is sacrificing herself for her family, and Theseus for his country’s bravery. They both have strong motiv es and something they believe in which is what it takes for someone to sacrifice themselves if it betters their cause.The Capitol and King Minos have total control over Panem and Ancient Greece. They both make it almost impossible to rebel against them or else they will threaten war, in which the other sides have no chance of winning. The Capitol keeps control of Panem by providing food and entertainment. King Minos keeps control by threatening war and also by providing food and entertainment. The Capitol in The Hunger Games and King Minos in Theses and the Minotaur put their regions under complete government oppression. They both prevent war by reminding their societies of the cost of war.Theseus and Katniss both have cunning tactics of defeating either the minotaur, or other tributes. Katniss is an extremely strong hunter which helps her with survival in the hunger games. She can climb trees and can hid herself extraordinarily well from enemies. Theseus wins with his smart thinkin g and problem solving. They both have help from a â€Å"love interest† in which case it’s Peeta for Katniss, and King Minos’s daughter for Theseus. Katniss is originally uncomfortable accepting help from others, but as the novel progresses, she has to accept help if she wants to win.Theseus rather than Katniss takes help from King Minos’s daughter immediately, using any kind of resource he can to defeat the minotaur. Often writers take ideas and conceptions from other pieces of literary work and incorporate it in their own work. This is shown in The Hunger Games with the Greek myth Theseus and the Minotaur. Collins takes Theseus and the Minotaur and incorporates it into the future. If majority of ideas and thoughts all come from other sources, who originally thought those thoughts? The world may never know.

The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search

The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search You may think the best way to get a job is to search online, update your resume, and blitz it out in response to as many postings as you can find. But you’d be wrong. As it turns out, about 80% of jobs are not posted online. So no matter how many applications you send out, you’re still only working with about 20% of what’s out there. There are also a number of common myths and misconceptions that can derail even the most tenacious of job seekers. Debunking these can do a world of difference. Here’s two things to remember:You don’t need a great deal of experience (or sometimes even any) to get your dream job.You don’t have to settle until you get that job.So where does that leave you and your job search?You must always be prepared with a pitchThe best thing for job seekers to do- and this won’t come as much of a surprise- is network. Network, network, network. That means first and foremost, coming up with a convincing and charming eleva tor pitch. An answer to the ubiquitous question: â€Å"So tell me about you.† You’ll need to craft this perfectly to show your goals, experience, selling points, and just how perfect you are to match a potential employer’s needs. Then you’ll need to rehearse it until it comes out of your mouth as naturally as an exhale.Be sure to include a goal statement at the end. â€Å"I’m †¦. and interested in †¦. and currently hoping to transition into †¦ ideally in the X industry.† Stating your job search need as a goal ensures that you’re never outright asking anyone for favors; you’re simply stating who you are and what you’re looking for, which won’t annoy or offend any potential contacts.The shorter and simpler, the better–just be smartWhen you’re working on your resume, be sure to err on the side of brevity. DO include bullet points to maximize easy reading, but don’t include too many - and make sure the ones you do include are each doing something for you. Make them as results-driven as possible, rather than heavy on the job description. Lead with your best bullet.Once you get an interview, be sure to be as well prepared as you were for networking. Though, there, the big question is â€Å"Tell us a little about your biggest weakness.† You may have been told that the best strategy here is to claim that you’re an incurable perfectionist. The internet, more often than not, will counsel you in this direction. But the Internet is wrong. You’ll just sound insincere. The better strategy is to choose something you’ve actually been working to improve. Explain how it was a challenge to you in the past, and what you’ve been doing, actively, to turn it into a strength instead. Give an example of your progress just to prove you’re not full of baloney.It’s okay to make demandsOnce you get an offer, be sure not to roll over and accept the salary without question. It is okay and expected to negotiate. A few tips:Don’t be the first person to suggest a number. The person who speaks first in this arena alwaysIf they ask you to give a number first, deflect. Say that you’re negotiable, but you’d like to hear their range to see whether it fits for you.Do research before going into negotiations. Figure out what is standard at that company and in that position within the industry. And don’t ask for a number extremely outside of that range.Tell them instead that you’re being considered in the range of the top third of that bracket, but ensure that you’re negotiable.If you let go of some of the most common misapprehensions and job search myths, you should have a much better, clear-eyed approach that will likely start to get you the results you need.

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The studies referring this approach view beliefs for Service Level Agreement (SLA) indicating the future behaviour of the students as well as effective learners. The study related to normative approach enables to provide a description along with classification of the types of beliefs related to SLA (Holliday, 1994). The normative approach comprises studies which include beliefs, methodologies, and relationship among actions along with their advantages and disadvantages (Kalaja & Barcelos, 2006). The normative approach can be beneficial to accounting as a new diversified research approach emerges with the approach, which would enhance the position of accounting research along with accounting theory (Coetsee, 2010). However, the normative approach disappoints to illuminate credible understandings regarding problems related to accounting practices for social and economic factors. It is also concerned with the development of normative theories which impose standards based on theories rel ated to quality information and relevant information about the consequences of conventional accounting system. It also reflects certain facts related to inefficiency of comparability among various financial statements due to a variety of alternative rules related to accounting. Moreover, normative accounting theories replicate various actions and processes that are approved by accountants in order to accomplish the desired goals or objectives (Banerjee, 2010). A positive approach can be defined as a determinant through which critical situations or crisis circumstances can be ignored by driving the opportunities to an expected higher level. The positive approach can also be determined through a positive drive. Positive approach also promotes the failure and success of an organisation as well (Barber, 2011). The role of accounting in positive approach can be described with respect to accounting aspects, role of accountant and impact of accounting on resources as well as people. Moreov er, the approach is structured on the basis of proposition for regulators, shareholders and managers for maximising the utility. The approach is completely opposite to normative approach (Womlib, 2001). Part B Literature Review According to the observation of Belkaoui (2004), in the context of normative approach, it can be stated that accounting in relation to descriptive approach can be critically evaluated through normative methodology. Normative accounting theory justifies what should to be done rather than what it is. It can be viewed that in the professional field of accounting, a belief is widely apprehended that accounting is considered as an art which is not formalised. Furthermore, it also entails methodologies used in traditional aspects that can be considered in the establishment of accounting theory. It also justifies these facts that by coding of accounting practices. Moreover, in the context of oversimplifying, the complex nature of accounting phenomena and issues can be identified which are essentially required in order for formulating accounting theory. The methodology of normative approach can be considered in order to validate a few of the accounting practices that are required to be approved. It can be stated that among the studies provided in normative approach, Moonitz and Sprouse deserve special mention. Normative accounting theory emphasises on reference theory, thus enabling an appropriate way of making the prediction of various accounting phenomena, along with evaluating interactions amid accounting variables in the

Space Exploration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Space Exploration - Research Paper Example The pen worked and also enjoyed some modest success at a novelty item back here on earth. The Soviet Union, faced with the same problem, used a pencil. ABSTRACT NASA and its voluminous funding by the US government have been burning questions from day one. While the proponents of NASA funding have a firm belief that even a penny invested in its prolific research programs will reap insurmountable benefits for the world and humanity in general, the people who condemn NASA and its so-called good for nothing activities have a strong contention that that the profusion of funds that NASA uses are neither worth it nor serviceable for mankind. In this research paper we try to analyse both sides of the argument and try to reach a conclusion as to why the US government should work to dilate the funding of NASA programs, and what should be the role of NASA administration in this regard. NASA AND ITS PROJECT HISTORY In the period starting from 1958 till 2008, the total spending on NASA has been $471.23 billion dollars, which makes an average of $9.06 billion per year. NASA's budget for FY 2008 sums up to $17.318 billion, which is almost 0.6% of the $2.9 trillion United States federal budget for the year, and almost about 35% total academic scientific research spending in the United States. These figures might look huge but the point of consideration is that they have enabled NASA to provide humanity with some emphatic developments and research successes. The most prominent discoveries and developments of NASA are the Pioneer 10, Voyager 1 and 2, Hubble Telescope, Space Shuttle Program, Apollo 13, Mars Pathfinder, and Moon Landing. These benchmarks have proved that the funding provided to the agency was fully utilized for productive purposes. These days there is a contention about whether NASA would be able to carry out on its latest Constellation Program that aims at retiring the space shuttle this year, replacing it Orion (capsule- based vehicles), and luner landers and Space Launch System, etc. But all these prospects rest on the simple debate that whether the amount being spent in this area is really worth it, especially when American debt is making life tougher for the Finance Ministry day in and day out. THE DARK SIDE OF NASA OPERATIONS: It is a known fact that most of NASA’s projects face huge research flaws and take a lot of effort and financial input to rectify those flaws. For example, the Space Launch system that is currently being worked on has billion dollars and still, there are massive security and sustainability issues popping up that place doubts in the minds of the government as to whether the mission would remain viable or not. Another major loss incurred by NASA was the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter in 1999 in which $327.6 million was invested for the orbiter and Lander and $193.1 million was invested for spacecraft development. Also, $91.7 mi llion and $42.8 million were incurred in launching the mission and operating the activities respectively. This shows that the NASA operations and research efforts, no matter how object oriented they are, always carry huge risks that could not be averted at any cost. This, however, can only be considered an overgeneralization because the success rate of some of NASA’s operations is very high. For example, NASA’s launch service program enjoys 98% success rate that is unparalleled. Similarly, the ULA, United Launch Alliance, has made 50 Delta II launches with 100% success rate completing a wide array of exceptionally imperative science missions. Also with the long list of accomplishments like those mentioned above,